History: The Shakers

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!Introduction
{FOOTNOTE()}History of the Shakers (U.S. National Park Service). https://www.nps.gov/articles/history-of-the-shakers.htm. Accessed 11 Feb. 2019.
{FOOTNOTE}{MOUSEOVER(label="The Protestant Reformation")}{img type="fileId" fileId="392" thumb="box" height="180" desc="Martin Luther - 1529" align="left"}The Protestant Reformation was the 16th-century religious, political, intellectual and cultural upheaval that splintered Catholic Europe, setting in place the structures and beliefs that would define the continent in the modern era. In northern and central Europe, reformers like Martin Luther, John Calvin and Henry VIII challenged papal authority and questioned the Catholic Church’s ability to define Christian practice. https://www.history.com/topics/reformation/reformation{MOUSEOVER} and technological advances led to new Christian sects outside of the Catholic Church and mainstream Protestant denominations into the 17th and 18th centuries. The United Society of Believers in Christ’s Second Appearing, commonly known as the Shakers, was a Protestant sect founded in England in 1747. The {MOUSEOVER(label="French Camisards" offsetx="-200")}Camisards were Huguenots (French Protestants) of the rugged and isolated Cévennes region, and the Vaunage in southern France. They raised an insurrection against the persecutions which followed the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, which had made Protestantism illegal. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camisard{MOUSEOVER} and the {MOUSEOVER(label="Quakers" offsetx="0")}Quakers (or Friends) are members of a historically Christian group of religious movements formally known as the Religious Society of Friends, Society of Friends or Friends Church. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quakers{MOUSEOVER}, two Protestant denominations, both contributed to the formation of Shaker beliefs.

The French Camisards originated in southern France during the 17th century. They regarded some of their leaders as Prophets, believing that they heard the word of God. Heavily persecuted by French authorities, they fought the armies of King Louis XIV from 1702 to 1706. After losing, some Camisards fled to England to continue their religious practices. While in England, their preachers heavily influenced a group of Quakers in Manchester.

{img type="fileId" fileId="648" thumb="box" height="200" desc="Shaker founder Anne Lee" alt="shaker founder anne lee" styleimage="border" align="left" stylebox="border"}The Quakers, or Society of Friends, were founded in England in 1652 by {MOUSEOVER(label="George Fox" closeDelay="3")}{img type="fileId" fileId="400" thumb="box" height="200" align="left"}George Fox (July 1624 – 13 January 1691) was an English Dissenter, who was a founder of the Religious Society of Friends, commonly known as the Quakers or Friends. The son of a Leicestershire weaver, he lived in times of social upheaval and war. He rebelled against the religious and political authorities by proposing an unusual, uncompromising approach to the Christian faith. He traveled throughout Britain as a dissenting preacher, often being persecuted by the disapproving authorities. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Fox
{MOUSEOVER}. Early Quakers taught that direct knowledge of Christ was possible to the individual - without need from a Church, priest or book. No official creed exists. Their belief that God exists in all people caused many to be sensitive to injustice and practice pacifism. 

The name “Quaker” was derived from their process of worship, where their violent tremblings and quakings predominated. This form of worship changed in the 1740s, though it was retained by one group in Manchester, England. The “Shaking Quakers,” or Shakers, split from mainstream Quakerism in 1747 after being heavily influenced by Camisard preaching. The Shakers developed along their own lines, forming into a society with Jane and James Wardley as their leaders. Ann Lee, the founder and later leader of the American Shakers, and her parents were members of this society.

Ann Lee was born the daughter of a blacksmith in Manchester in 1736. She worked in a cotton factory, and in 1762 she married blacksmith Abraham Standerin. They had four children, all of whom died in childhood. Ann joined the Shakers in 1758, and 12 years later had "a special manifestation of Divine light." After this experience she became the leader of the Shakers. In 1774 she received a revelation directing her to establish a Shaker Church in America. Ann Lee, her husband, and seven members set sail for America on May 10, 1774. By late 1776 she and some followers were located northwest of Albany, New York, by which point she and her husband had separated. She gathered followers in New York until her death in 1784.

!Beliefs
{footnote sameas="1"}The Shakers practiced communal living, where all property was shared. They didn’t believe in procreation, and therefore had to adopt children and recruit converts into their community. For those that were adopted, they were given a choice to either stay within the community or leave when they turned 21.

Like the Quakers, the Shakers were pacifists who had advanced notions of gender and racial equality. The Shakers believed in opportunities for intellectual and artistic development within the Society. Simplicity in dress, speech, and manner were encouraged, as was living in rural colonies away from the corrupting influences of the cities. Like other Utopian societies founded in the18th and 19th centuries, the Shakers believed it was possible to form a more perfect society upon earth.

Eventually there were 19 Shaker communities in the Northeast, Ohio, and Kentucky. They referred to those who lived outside their communities as people from "the World." They allowed contact with outsiders. Many outsiders, including Nathaniel Hawthorne, observed their religious practices. Communities were agriculturally based, and men and women lived, and mostly worked, apart. 
{img fileId="646" thumb="box"}
The community meeting-house was the center of Shaker worship services on Sunday. Spontaneous dancing was part of Shaker worship until the early 1800s, when it was replaced by choreographed dancing. Spontaneous dancing returned around the 1840s, but by the end of the 19th century dancing ceased during worship. Services consisted of singing hymns, testimonials, a short homily, and silence.

!Shaker Communities
{FANCYTABLE(head=" Image | Site | Spiritual name | Bishopric | City | State | Dates | Geolocation" sortable="y")}{img type="fileId" fileId="370" thumb="box" width="100" featured="y"}|Alfred Shaker Village |Holy Land |Alfred |Alfred |Maine |1793-1931 |
{img type="fileId" fileId="372" thumb="box" width="100"}|Canterbury Shaker Village |Holy Ground |Canterbury |Canterbury |New Hampshire |1792-1992 |
{img type="fileId" fileId="373" thumb="box" width="100"}|New Enfield Shaker Village |Chosen Vale |Canterbury |Enfield |New Hampshire |1793-1923 |
{img type="fileId" fileId="374" thumb="box" width="100"}|Old Enfield Shaker Village |City of Union |Hancock |Enfield |Connecticut |1792-1917 |
|Gorham Shaker Village |Union Branch |Alfred |Gorham |Maine |1808-1819 |
{img type="fileId" fileId="375" thumb="box" width="100"}|Groveland Shaker Village |Union Branch |Groveland |Groveland |New York |1836-1892 |
{img type="fileId" fileId="377" thumb="box" width="100"}|Hancock Shaker Village |City of Peace |Hancock |Hancock and Pittsfield |Massachusetts |1790-1960 |
|Harvard Shaker Village |Lovely Vinyard |Harvard |Harvard |Massachusetts |1792-1918 |
{img type="fileId" fileId="378" thumb="box" width="100"}|Mount Lebanon Shaker Society |Holy Mount |New Lebanon |New Lebanon |New York |1785-1917 |
|Narcoosee Shaker Village |Olive Branch |Union Village |Narcoose |Florida |1895-1924 |
|New Canaan Shaker Village |None |New Lebanon |New Canaan |Connecticut |1810-1812 |
{img type="fileId" fileId="393" thumb="box" width="100"}|North Union Shaker Village |Holy Grove |North Union |Cleveland|Ohio |1822-1899 |
|Philidelphia Shakers |None |Watervliet/New Lebanon |Philadelphia |Pennsylvania |1858-1910 |
{img type="fileId" fileId="399" thumb="box" width="100"}|Sabbathday Lake Shaker Village |Chosen Land |Alfred |New Gloucester |Maine |1794-present |
|Savoy Shaker Village |None |New Lebanon |Savoy |Massachusetts |1817-1821 |
{img type="fileId" fileId="417" thumb="box" width="100"}|Shakertown at Pleasant Hill |None |Pleasant Hill |Harrodsburg |Kentucky |1806-1910 |
{img type="fileId" fileId="568" thumb="box" width="100" alt="Shirley Shaker Village Meeting House"}|Shirley Shaker Village |Pleasant Garden |Harvard |Shirley |Massachusetts |1793-1908 |
|Sodus Bay Shaker Village |New Lebanon |Sodus and Huron |New York |New York |1826-1836 |
{img type="fileId" fileId="588" thumb="box" width="100" alt="South Union Shaker Dwelling House"}|South Union Shaker Village |Jasper Valley |South Union|South Union |Kentucky |1807-1922 |
|Tyringham Shaker Settlement |City of Love |Hancock |Tyringham |Massachusetts |1792-1875 |
|Union Village Shaker settlement |Wisdom's Paradise |Union Village |Turtlecreek Township |Ohio | 1805-1912 |
|Watervliet Shaker Village |Wisdom's Valley |New Lebanon |Albany |New York |1774-1926 |
|Watervliet (Ohio) Shaker Village |Vale of Peace |Union Village |Kettering |Ohio |1806-1900 |
|West Union Shaker Village |None |Union Village |West Union (Busro) |Indiana |1807-1827 |
|White Oak Shaker Colony |None |Union Village |White Oak |Georgia |1898-1902 |
{img type="fileId" fileId="420" thumb="box" width="100"}|Whitewater Shaker Settlement |Lonely Plain of Tribulation |Whitewater |New Haven |Ohio |1822-1916 |
{FANCYTABLE}

!Links
List of Shaker Sites : https://www.shakerworkshops.com/shaker-museums.html



!References
{footnotearea }
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